Black History Month
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TV ClubHouse: Archives: 2003 February: Black History Month
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Black Sororities & Fraternities 8   02/28 04:56pm
Slaves In The Family 18   02/19 02:41pm
Historically Black Colleges & Universities 3   02/15 03:35pm
Beautiful Black Women 2   02/09 05:58pm
Black Inventors & Their Inventions 15   02/09 02:26pm
Come Read with us!! 1   02/07 09:08pm
Heritage Tourism 4   02/07 07:46am
Archive through February 04, 2003 25   02/04 07:35pm
Archive through February 06, 2003 25   02/15 09:07pm

Ladytex

Thursday, February 06, 2003 - 10:10 pm EditMoveDeleteIP
For those that are interested, on the History Channel:

February 8:
George Wallace and Black Power
8 am ET/PT
Alabama was the most violent battleground in the struggle for civil rights in the U.S. and leading the resistance was feisty governor George Wallace, who rode a populist platform to national prominence. Meanwhile, fed up with the slow progress of the civil rights movement, the Black Power movement was formed to use more extreme means for racial justice.

THC PREMIERE!
MOVIES IN TIME: A SOLDIER’S STORY
9 pm/12 am ET/PT
Howard E. Rollins stars as a military attorney sent to a 1944 Southern army base to investigate the murder of an unpopular black sergeant. Denzel Washington, Adolph Caesar and Patti LaBelle costar in this 1984 drama nominated for three Oscars, including Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Caesar) and Best Adapted Screenplay. Based on Charles Fuller’s award-winning play.

February 9:
WORLD PREMIERE!
HISTORYCENTER: JULIAN BOND ON CIVIL RIGHTS
9 am ET/PT
Host Steve Gillon is joined Julian Bond as they discuss the struggles and successes of the civil rights movement and where things stand today.

February 11:
WORLD PREMIERE!
ALCAN HIGHWAY
10 pm ET/PT
The two-lane, 1,500-mile long Alaska Highway is an unrivaled engineering feat. It took 11,000 soldiers, nearly 4,000 of them black, only eight months to build this highway in 1942. Crossing the Canadian Rockies, plowing through thick virgin forests and skirting raging rivers and lakes, the soldiers dealt with long hours, horrible weather, isolation and wild animals to build a highway the equivalent in length to the distance from Washington D.C. to Denver, Colorado.

February 13:
Black Aviators: Flying Free
8 am/2 pm ET/PT
The stories of African-American men and women who defied the odds to fly high as 20th century aviation pioneers.

February 15:
Little Rock and Boston Busing
8 am ET/PT
In 1957 Little Rock, Arkansas, the governor takes on the federal government to prevent nine black children from entering a formerly all-white school. A generation later in the mid-1970s, the battle over school segregation moves north. Boston, the cradle of liberty, becomes home of the most virulent anti-busing movement north of the Mason-Dixon line.

February 22:
America’s Black Warriors
8 am ET/PT
The story of African-Americans in the U.S. military during World War II and the integration of the army. Colin Powell and other prominent black military figures discuss how blacks had to go above and beyond the call of duty to earn the respect of fellow soldiers, how they fought against racism, and their effectiveness on the battlefield.

February 23:
WORLD PREMIERE!
THE WENDELL SCOTT STORY
10 am ET/PT
An hour length broadcast documentary based on the extraordinary life of African-American stock car racer Wendell Oliver Scott who courageously broke through racing's color barrier in 1961 to become the only man of his race to compete full-time in NASCAR's Grand National series known today as the Winston-Cup Series.

February 25:
John Brown’s War
7 am ET/PT
A profile of the controversial crusader whose 1859 anti-slavery raid on the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia foreshadowed the violence of the Civil War.

February 28:
Mississippi State Secrets
8 am/2 pm ET/PT
In 1956, the Mississippi Sovereignty Commission was formed to spy on people thought to be associated with the Civil Rights movement. Funded by the state through 1972, it sometimes operated like George Orwell’s “1984,” and other times, the Keystone Cops. Recently-opened files offer a startling look at some of the violent and bizarre activity that this organization conducted to try to foil the civil rights movement.

Port Chicago Mutiny
9 am/3 pm ET/PT
The story of the biggest homefront disaster during World War II and why fifty black sailors were court-martialed in its aftermath when they refused to return to work that was considered too dangerous for white sailors.

Squaredsc

Friday, February 07, 2003 - 07:31 am EditMoveDeleteIP
good find ladyt and hippyt.

Hippyt

Friday, February 07, 2003 - 12:39 pm EditMoveDeleteIP
You know my Aunt used to live right down the street from Central High School in Little Rock. As a teenager I would go down there and look around,it was the same old building. Made me curious enough to study what happened there on my own.

Hermione69

Saturday, February 08, 2003 - 08:44 am EditMoveDeleteIP
Jackie Robinson

"Jackie Robinson may have had more influence on the integration of sports than any other athlete in history. When he began playing with the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, he broke the color line in professional baseball and paved the way for the entry of black players into all professional sports." (from "Discovering Biography")

Here is a link to a wonderful story about Jackie Robinson, with an article written by Henry (Hank) Aaron.

http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/robinson01.html

(Square, thank you for starting this thread. I have learned so much from reading through it.)

Hermione69

Saturday, February 08, 2003 - 08:49 am EditMoveDeleteIP
The Emancipation Oak at Hampton University

One day in 1863, the members of the Virginia Peninsula's black community gathered to hear a prayer answered. Ninety-eight feet in diameter, Emancipation Oak was the site of the first Southern reading of President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, an act which accelerated the demand for African-American education. The peaceful shade of the oak served as the first classroom for newly freed men and women - eager for an education. Mrs. Mary Peake, daughter of a freed colored woman and a Frenchman, conducted the first lessons taught under the oak located on the University's campus.

The Emancipation oak is designated as one of the 10 Great Trees of the World by the National Geographic Society.

http://www.hamptonu.edu/oak.htm

oak

(I'm originally from Hampton, Virginia... spent 30 years of my life with Hampton as my home.)

Squaredsc

Saturday, February 08, 2003 - 12:58 pm EditMoveDeleteIP
i received the following in an email...

Crabs in a Barrel
>
>
>
>
> Crabs in a barrel. The metaphor used to describe a group who refuses
> to support a member who wishes to rise above the clamor. The group
> will grab the prospective dissonant with their claws and pull him/her
> back down to their level. The problem with this metaphor is that it is
> also commonly used to describe African-Americans and our attitudes
> toward each other.
>
> Women are catty toward other women who may be prettier or wearing
> nicer outfits. Brothers trying to make it out of the hood are called
> "sellouts" by their supposed friends. We can't even stand Together
> long enough to stand For anything. A brother will call a sister with a
> good job "uppity" and decide that she's too high maintenance for him
> without even considering the fact that she may be driving her nice car
> to an empty home.
>
> Some of us see our friends making progress and envy them, rather than
> encouraging them. "Oh she thinks she's cute, I can't stand her." Well
> damn, if I don't think I'm cute, who else will? It's a crying shame
> that people from other ethnic backgrounds will live 20 to a room if
> necessary in order to push forward, but many of us are so busy trying
> to impress the "Jones' " that we live check to check dodging creditors
> to support a lifestyle we can't afford. My only question is Why?
>
> Why is it that the same supermarket cashier that smiled and chatted
> with Becky, turns to me with a sneer when I pay for my purchase with a
debit
> card rather than a food stamp card? Crabs in a barrel! Can I live?
Why
> can't we be supportive of one another? Why do we have to sleep with
> someone else's husband/wife/boyfriend/girlfriend/booty call just to
> get a laugh at their expense? Crabs in a barrel!
>
> Why is there still some small area in the back of some of our minds
> that still says that "The Cosby Show" wasn't real? Wasn't
> representative of Black life? But Martin and Menace to Society were?
Come
on! Why are we
> still surprised to see African American CEO's ? Crabs in a barrel!
>
> These are all symptoms of the same mentality and if we are to make any
> progress as a people, it has to change. If we are to get past this
> handicap, we need to address it, deal with it and begin to encourage
> and embrace one another. I'm not talking about just in front of the
> cameras and the podiums. I'm talking about every single day. We can't
> expect to be treated with respect by outsiders if we can't even
> respect each other. They laugh at us and our misguided ways, while they
use their networking
> skills and connections to look out for each other whenever possible.
>
> It is unfortunate that so many of us were brought up in loveless
> environments where envy and jealousy were the only valid emotions.
> It's a shame that so many of us were told by our loved ones that we
> wouldn't amount to anything, but the blame game won't get us out of
> this mess. The only way to combat this legacy is to look in the mirror
> and change what you see until the person staring back at you is
> someone that you can truly love and appreciate. There is no true love
> without self-love.
>
> We were a race of kings and queens. We moved mountains with our minds
> until we were robbed of our birthright and taught self-hatred. It is
> time to reverse the wrongs.
>
>
> You can remove a king from his throne, but you cannot take from him
> his royal blood. Cherish the beauty from whence you came!

Seamonkey

Saturday, February 08, 2003 - 04:57 pm EditMoveDeleteIP
Wow, squared.. that phrase says it so well.. the same sort of thing happens so often to someone working on what is supposed to be a team, but if they excel, they are seen as making the others look bad, and the "boss" uses it to up the ante for quotas. Been there and you sure can feel those crab claws dragging you by the ankles..

Good set of threads here.. I just noticed last night but just dashed in and posted about the Finding Fish book.. oh, it is a good one! and just now got back to check out the rest...

Squaredsc

Saturday, February 15, 2003 - 03:31 pm EditMoveDeleteIP
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
The U.S. government's 40-year experiment on black men with syphilis

by Borgna Brunner

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"The United States government did something that was wrong—deeply, profoundly, morally wrong. It was an outrage to our commitment to integrity and equality for all our citizens... clearly racist."

—President Clinton's apology for the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment to the eight remaining survivors, May 16, 1997


For forty years between 1932 and 1972, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) conducted an experiment on 399 black men in the late stages of syphilis. These men, for the most part illiterate sharecroppers from one of the poorest counties in Alabama, were never told what disease they were suffering from or of its seriousness. Informed that they were being treated for “bad blood,” their doctors had no intention of curing them of syphilis at all.

The data for the experiment was to be collected from autopsies of the men, and they were thus deliberately left to degenerate under the ravages of tertiary syphilis—which can include tumors, heart disease, paralysis, blindness, insanity, and death. “As I see it,” one of the doctors involved explained, “we have no further interest in these patients until they die.”


Using Human Beings as Laboratory Animals


Taliaferro Clark, Head of the U.S. Public Health Service at the outset of the experiment.
The true nature of the experiment had to be kept from the subjects to ensure their cooperation. The sharecroppers' grossly disadvantaged lot in life made them easy to manipulate. Pleased at the prospect of free medical care—almost none of them had ever seen a doctor before—these unsophisticated and trusting men became the pawns in what James Jones, author of the excellent history on the subject, Bad Blood, identified as “the longest nontherapeutic experiment on human beings in medical history.”

The study was meant to discover how syphilis affected blacks as opposed to whites—the theory being that whites experienced more neurological complications from syphilis, whereas blacks were more susceptible to cardiovascular damage. How this knowledge would have changed clinical treatment of syphilis is uncertain.

Although the PHS touted the study as one of great scientific merit, from the outset its actual benefits were hazy. It took almost forty years before someone involved in the study took a hard and honest look at the end results, reporting that “nothing learned will prevent, find, or cure a single case of infectious syphilis or bring us closer to our basic mission of controlling venereal disease in the United States.”

When the experiment was brought to the attention of the media in 1972, news anchor Harry Reasoner described it as an experiment that “used human beings as laboratory animals in a long and inefficient study of how long it takes syphilis to kill someone.”

A Heavy Price in the Name of Bad Science

the end of the experiment, 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been infected, and 19 of their children had been born with congenital syphilis. How had these men been induced to endure a fatal disease in the name of science?

To persuade the community to support the experiment, one of the original doctors admitted it “was necessary to carry on this study under the guise of a demonstration and provide treatment.” At first, the men were prescribed the syphilis remedies of the day—bismuth, neoarsphenamine, and mercury— but in such small amounts that only 3 percent showed any improvement.

These token doses of medicine were good public relations and did not interfere with the true aims of the study. Eventually, all syphilis treatment was replaced with “pink medicine”—aspirin.

To ensure that the men would show up for a painful and potentially dangerous spinal tap, the PHS doctors misled them with a letter full of promotional hype: “Last Chance for Special Free Treatment.” The fact that autopsies would eventually be required was also concealed.

As a doctor explained, “If the colored population becomes aware that accepting free hospital care means a post-mortem, every darky will leave Macon County...” Even the Surgeon General of the United States participated in enticing the men to remain in the experiment, sending them certificates of appreciation after 25 years in the study.


Following Doctors' Orders


It takes little imagination to ascribe racist attitudes to the white government officials who ran the experiment, but what can one make of the numerous African Americans who collaborated with them? The experiment's name comes from the Tuskegee Institute, the black university founded by Booker T. Washington. Its affiliated hospital lent the PHS its medical facilities for the study, and other predominantly black institutions as well as local black doctors also participated. A black nurse, Eunice Rivers, was a central figure in the experiment for most of its forty years.


The Veterans' Administration Hospital in Tuskegee, Alabama. Some of the study's post-mortem exams were conducted here.
The promise of recognition by a prestigious government agency may have obscured the troubling aspects of the study for some. A Tuskegee doctor, for example, praised “the educational advantages offered our interns and nurses as well as the added standing it will give the hospital.” Nurse Rivers explained her role as one of passive obedience: “we were taught that we never diagnosed, we never prescribed; we followed the doctor's instructions!”

It is clear that the men in the experiment trusted her and that she sincerely cared about their well-being, but her unquestioning submission to authority eclipsed her moral judgment. Even after the experiment was exposed to public scrutiny, she genuinely felt nothing ethical had been amiss.

One of the most chilling aspects of the experiment was how zealously the PHS kept these men from receiving treatment. When several nationwide campaigns to eradicate venereal disease came to Macon County, the men were prevented from participating. Even when penicillin—the first real cure for syphilis—was discovered in the 1940s, the Tuskegee men were deliberately denied the medication.

During World War II, 250 of the men registered for the draft and were consequently ordered to get treatment for syphilis, only to have the PHS exempt them. Pleased at their success, the PHS representative announced: “So far, we are keeping the known positive patients from getting treatment.” The experiment continued in spite of the Henderson Act (1943), a public health law requiring testing and treatment for venereal disease, and in spite of the World Health Organization's Declaration of Helsinki (1964), which specified that “informed consent” was needed for experiments involving human beings.

Blowing the Whistle
The story finally broke in the Washington Star on July 25, 1972, in an article by Jean Heller of the Associated Press. Her source was Peter Buxtun, a former PHS venereal disease interviewer and one of the few whistle blowers over the years. The PHS, however, remained unrepentant, claiming the men had been “volunteers” and “were always happy to see the doctors,” and an Alabama state health officer who had been involved claimed “somebody is trying to make a mountain out of a molehill.”

Under the glare of publicity, the government ended their experiment, and for the first time provided the men with effective medical treatment for syphilis. Fred Gray, a lawyer who had previously defended Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, filed a class action suit that provided a $10 million out-of-court settlement for the men and their families. Gray, however, named only whites and white organizations as defendants in the suit, portraying Tuskegee as a black and white case when it was in fact more complex than that—black doctors and institutions had been involved from beginning to end.

The PHS did not accept the media's comparison of Tuskegee with the appalling experiments performed by Nazi doctors on their Jewish victims during World War II. Yet in addition to the medical and racist parallels, the PHS offered the same morally bankrupt defense offered at the Nuremberg trials: they claimed they were just carrying out orders, mere cogs in the wheel of the PHS bureaucracy, exempt from personal responsibility.

The study's other justification—for the greater good of science—is equally spurious. Scientific protocol had been shoddy from the start. Since the men had in fact received some medication for syphilis in the beginning of the study, however inadequate, it thereby corrupted the outcome of a study of “untreated syphilis.”


The Legacy of Tuskegee
In 1990, a survey found that 10 percent of African Americans believed that the U.S. government created AIDS as a plot to exterminate blacks, and another 20 percent could not rule out the possibility that this might be true. As preposterous and paranoid as this may sound, at one time the Tuskegee experiment must have seemed equally farfetched.

Who could imagine the government, all the way up to the Surgeon General of the United States, deliberately allowing a group of its citizens to die from a terrible disease for the sake of an ill-conceived experiment? In light of this and many other shameful episodes in our history, African Americans' widespread mistrust of the government and white society in general should not be a surprise to anyone.

1. All quotations in the article are from Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, James H. Jones, expanded edition (New York: Free Press, 1993).

Squaredsc

Saturday, February 15, 2003 - 03:36 pm EditMoveDeleteIP
Rare slave narratives on the Internet
2003/02/13 10:05 PM EDT


SALT LAKE CITY (AP) - A Provo-based genealogy company is honoring Black History Month with free access to a rare collection of slave narratives.

The recordings were made in the 1930s by the Federal Writers' Project, which interviewed 3,500 former slaves.

Ronald Coleman, a professor of African-American history at the University of Utah, says preserving these memories is vital to understanding the experience of blacks in America. He said the recordings give today's youth an idea of what freedom meant to those who had been enslaved.

Web access to these documents was previously only available at the Library of Congress in Washington.

They will be available from Ancestry.com for free throughout February. They can also be purchased on CD-ROM.

Slave Narratives: http://www.ancestry.com

Ladytex

Saturday, February 15, 2003 - 09:07 pm EditMoveDeleteIP
got this in email today:
FEATURE STORY:


February 15, 2003


Black History Maker:
William Still Helped Slaves along Underground Railroad, Told Their Stories
By Rahkia Nance
Special to the NNPA from the Capital Outlook


TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (NNPA)-Transporting hundreds of slaves from the depths of slavery to endless possibilities freedom, the Underground Railroad was a dynamic force during the 19th century. Fugitive slaves closely followed its secret pathways, guided by "conductors," people along the way who would hide them in their homes, pointing the way to the next "station."
Much of what we know now about the Underground Railroad is because of records kept by conductors. The most comprehensive account to date was written by a Black man who added a new dimension to the slaves' stories, which were usually documented by Whites.

William Still was born Oct. 7, 1821, in Burlington County, N.J. His father, Levin Steel, was a former slave and had purchased his own freedom. He changed his name to protect his wife, William's mother, Sidney, who had escaped slavery in Maryland. She later changed her name to Charity.

Like many families escaping slavery, the Steels were not able to travel to the North as a group. Charity Steel was forced to leave behind several of her children in order to secure her own freedom. As a young man, Still moved to Philadelphia. Though illiterate and experienced only in farm work, he worked to make himself valuable to his community.


Within three years Still taught himself how to read. Soon he became involved with the large community of free Blacks there.


He worked in the office of the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery.

Though he was paid to do janitorial and clerical work, Still began aiding fugitive slaves. In a poignant twist, Still ended up helping his long lost brother Peter complete his journey to freedom. Their mother had been forced to leave Peter behind more than 40 years earlier.

What Still did at the Society put him in a unique position. He was able to experience firsthand the day-to-day activities of runaway slaves as they passed through the Underground Railroad. His heavy involvement with clerical work allowed him to access records. It wasn't long before the society asked Still to chronicle its works. However, this was a project Still had conceived long before he had been asked.

Upon finding his brother, Still wanted to document the records and accounts that former slaves gave him. He wrote and published, "The Underground Railroad" in 1872.

This work was important because it was written by a Black person. Other accounts written by White abolitionists sometimes presented a slanted view of slave life. Still's book also included newspaper clippings, letters of correspondence between slaves, protest letters from abolitionists and biographical sketches. The book went into three editions and was frequently passed around the Underground Railroad. Still showcased his book at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in 1876,
painfully reminding those in attendance of the horrors of the slavery that had recently been outlawed.

But his work didn't end with writing about fugitive slaves.

In 1855, Still traveled to Canada and visited several Blacks who had successfully escaped slavery. Using their success as an example, Still went back to the United States and began to push even harder for emancipation of all slaves.


He successfully launched a campaign to end segregation in Pennsylvania railroad cars. When Still addressed a letter to the press, people began to notice the injustice going on around them. In 1867 the Pennsylvania Legislature passed a law forbidding the practice.

Still befriended the family of White abolitionist John Brown after his unsuccessful raid in Harpers Ferry, W.Va. Risking his life to protect others, Still opened his home to the accomplices who had escaped police. They were never found.


While a community activist, Still moved up the ranks of the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery, serving as vice president for eight years and as president from 1896 to 1901.

He also made a name for himself with his coal business. Cushioned by the success of his coal business, Still earned a seat on the Philadelphia Board of Trade. The money Still made allowed him and his family to live in a fancy home-which he used as a station on the Underground Railroad.

He kept a careful log of the slaves' narratives and records, which he used to help them find relatives. He later founded an organization to help collect and save information about Blacks. Still claimed he helped 649 slaves reach freedom.

His philanthropic work made an impact throughout Philadelphia. He established an orphanage for children of Black soldiers
and sailors, founded the Mission Sabbath School and established one of the first YMCAs for Blacks.

He also wrote about social ills that plagued Philadelphia. His other books included, "Struggle for the Civil Rights of the Coloured People of Philadelphia in the City Railway Cars" (1867) and "Voting and Laboring" (1874).


William Still developed Bright's disease, a kidney ailment, in his later years. He died of complications from the disease in 1902. He was 81.


© Copyright 2001-2006 National Newspaper Publishers Association, Inc

Squaredsc

Wednesday, February 26, 2003 - 07:40 pm EditMoveDeleteIP
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. was founded on January 13, 1913 on the campus of Howard University in Washington, DC. The organization was the manifestation of the efforts of twenty-two African American women who had a vision and desire to give something back to the communities from whence they came. Delta Sigma Theta's commitment to societal improvement led to the organizations active involvement in the historical March on Washington for Women's Suffrage in 1913. Today, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. is a sisterhood of college educated women committed to public service and who will continue to promote socioeconomic equality and provide various services for less privileged members of our society.

Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated was founded January 16, 1920 on the campus of Howard University. Our "Five Pearls" sought their vision of establishing a new organization based on Scholarship, Srvice, Sisterhood, and Finer Womanhood. Along with the spupport of our brother freaternity, Phi Beta Sigma, Incorporated, Zeta was conceived and has been prosperous ever since. Zeta Phi Beta and Phi Beta Sigma are the only constitutionally bound brother and sister organization nationally recognized today.

Zeta Phi Beta Sorority is on the move and continues to uphold its principles through various community efforts. Zeta structures its community service around its Seven Point Plan of Action which addresses issues such as education, health and human services, leadership, and economic development. Recently, Zeta Phi Beta took on The Human Genome Project as yet another conscious effort to educate and inform our community. Today Zeta consists of more than 600 chapters, including chapters in the Bahamas, the Virgin Islands, and West Africa. Zeta Phi Beta was the first Greek letter sorority established in Africa in 1948.

Sigma Gamma Rho

Founded: November 12, 1922 - Indianapolis, IN
Chartered at State University of West Georgia: February 24, 1989
Colors: Royal Blue and Old Gold
Symbol: Poodle
Flower: Yellow Tea Rose
Nickname: S G Rho
National Philanthropy: March of Dimes

Founded: 1908
Colors: Green and Pink
Symbol:
Nickname: AKAs
National Philanthropy:
National Headquarters Homepage
Alpha Kappa Alpha membership has its privileges! By uniting our individual efforts we have built a strong, cohesive organization that positively impacts the lives of our families and communities. Our success is based on the depth of commitment, vision, and confidence of our members.
We therefore seek women who will promote and extend the policies and programs of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority. The Sorority, in return, is a conduit through which individuals can grow and develop personally and professionally while at the same time provide service to mankind.


Alpha Phi Alpha

Founded: December 4, 1906 - Cornell University
Colors: Old Gold and Black
Symbol: Sphinx
Nickname: Alphas
National Philanthropy: Urban League, NAACP
National Headquarters Homepage
Kappa Alpha Psi

Founded: January 5, 1911 - Indiana University
Chartered at State University of West Georgia: 1975
Colors: Krimson and Kream
Flower: None
Nickname: Kappas, Nupes
National Philanthropy: Guide Right Program

Phi Beta Sigma

Founded: January 9, 1914
Chartered at State University of West Georgia: March 28, 1972
Colors: Royal Blue and White
Flower: White Carnation
Nickname: Sigmas
National Philanthropy: Phi Beta Sigma Educational Foundation, Inc

Ladytex

Friday, February 28, 2003 - 07:41 am EditMoveDeleteIP
Saw this today:
Black History on Netscape